Adapters for in-system programming

Today we'll discuss adapters which are important circuits for any programming engineer.
According to the established standard the up-to-date programmers are provided with 40 and 48-pin dip-block for dip housing, i.e. a block with zero force. Such block makes it possible to reprogram the chip without damaging its leads.
To program chips in other housings like LCC, SOIK, PSOP ...